Hawaij is a traditional spice blend that is deeply rooted in Yemenite Jewish tradition. The spice mix consists of ingredients such as saffron, turmeric, black pepper, and cardamom. Variations include other ingredients such as cumin, coriander, cloves, cinnamon, and even ginger.
The flavor of hawaij can be best described as earthy, peppery, and floral. It can be bought throughout Yemeni markets, but also in Arabian-specialized stores internationally. Although it is primarily used in soups, stews, as rice flavoring, and on grilled meats as a rub, it can also be combined with olive oil and lemon juice to make a stellar dressing for grilled fish.
The Bengali spice mix known as panch phoron (lit. five spices) is an aromatic combination of cumin, fennel, fenugreek, black mustard, and nigella or kalonji onion seeds. This spice blend adds a wonderful depth and flavor to various dishes of Bangladesh, Eastern India, and Southern Nepal, especially in the regional cuisines of Bhojpuri, Mithila of Nepal, Bengal, Assam, and Oriya.
Unlike other similar blends which are made with ground spices, panch phoron is made with whole seeds that are typically either dry roasted or fried in mustard oil or ghee - this helps to release the aromas and the bittersweet flavor of the blend. Traditionally, panch phoron is most often used with chicken or beef curry, fish, legume stews, and various vegetable-based dishes like the Bengali shukto.
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Duqqa is an Egyptian blend of herbs, toasted nuts, and spices such as cumin, sesame seeds, and coriander. The combination of these ingredients is ground into a coarse powder which can be used as a salad topping, a dip with olive oil and bread, or as a seasoning.
Its name is derived from the Egyptian Arabic word for to crush or to pound, referring to the method of production. Duqqa originated as peasant food and people mostly consumed it as a seasoning for bread. Due to its high protein and fat content, it provided sustenance throughout the day.
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Wu xiang fen or five-spice powder is a traditional spice blend originating from China. The spice blend consists of five spices: fennel seeds, cinnamon, cloves, Sichuan peppercorns, and star anise. The number five refers to the five flavors that are represented in the blend – sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami.
There are many ways to use the aromatic five-spice powder – in marinades, stir-fries, soups, stews, as a seasoning for the breading for fried foods, as a glaze, or a dry rub for meat and seafood. Interestingly, the spice blend has antiseptic properties and it's sometimes used to cure indigestion.
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Chaat masala is a spice mixture that's widely used in Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi cuisine. It often consists of coriander, asafoetida, red chili powder, tamarind powder, cumin, amchoor (dry mango powder), and kala namak (black salt). The origins are somewhat murky, but it is believed that the spice blend was invented in the 17th century by Mogal emperor Shah Jahan's kitchen staff.
The flavors of chaat masala are best the day after it's been prepared, but it keeps for up to 3 months in airtight containers. Although it has an unusual aroma (mostly due to kala namak), people love it for its complexity and perfect flavors. It's recommended to use chaat masala on different Indian snacks called chaat, such as papri chaat, but it's also worth trying it over vegetables, salads, curries, dals, and fruit.
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