Arrack is a generic term used for a variety of distilled spirits that are often unrelated and can be made from different ingredients. They are found throughout East Indies—predominantly India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The two dominant varieties include Ceylon arrack that is distilled from fermented juice of the coconut palm and Batavian arrack that is made from molasses. The origin of arrack is vague, and though it cannot be precisely stated when and where it was exactly invented, some of the oldest references date back to the 15th century. 

Batavia arrack hails from Java, and it is produced from sugarcane molasses, red rice cakes, and occasionally small amounts of toddy—fermented palm juice. Often compared to rum, the drink is quite potent with herbaceous, nutty, smoky, and subtly spicy flavors and aromas.

The exact time when Batavia arrack originated is not known, but it has long been in existence before the Dutch settled East India Company on Java—which makes arrack one of the oldest distillates in the world, and a predecessor to all new world spirits such as gin, whisky, or brandy. 

Sopi is a traditional distilled alcoholic beverage from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia, particularly popular among the Timorese and other indigenous communities in the region. It is made from the fermented sap of the lontar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer), similar to other palm-based liquors found across Southeast Asia.

The process of making sopi starts with tapping the sap from the lontar palm, which is collected in bamboo containers. The fresh sap, known as nira, naturally ferments due to the presence of wild yeast, creating a mild alcoholic beverage. To increase its potency, the fermented liquid undergoes distillation, resulting in a strong, clear liquor with an alcohol content that can range between 30% and 50% ABV, depending on the distillation process.